Intekhab Alam

In a nutshell, the social and economic challenges before the country were enormous.

The agricultural sector was already

saddled with surplus labour andextremely low productivity

The industrial sector was crying for modernisation diversification capacity building and increased public investment

Foreign trade was oriented to feed the Industrial Revolution in Britain.

Infrastructure facilities, including the famed railway network,needed up gradation expansion and public orientation

Prevalence of rampant poverty and unemployment required welfare orientation of public economic policy

British colonial administration suffered from the following shortfall in industrial policy:-

a) De-industrialisation- Decline of the handicraft industry

The British systematically destroyed Indian handicraft industries and no modern industrial base was allowed to come up. The primary motive of British rule behind the de-industrialisation was two-fold: a) to get raw materials from India at cheap rates to be used by upcoming modern industries in Britain; b) to sell finished goods of British industries in Indian markets at higher prices

b) Adverse effects of the decline of Handicraft Industry:

The decline of Handicrafts in India had two adverse impacts: a) it led to unemployment on a massive scale; b) it encouraged imports from Britain as Indian goods could not withstand the foreign competition of cheap, manufactured goods

c) Lack of Capital Goods Industry:

During the British rule, there was no well-developed capital goods industry to promote further industrialisation in India. 

d) Limited Role of Public Sector:

The limited area of operation of the public sector was also a significant reason for the downfall of industries. The public sector was confined to the railways, power, communication, ports and some departmental undertakings. 

Conquistadors meaning 'conquerors' were the invaders, knights, soldiers, and explorers of the Spanish and the Portuguese Empires during the Age of Discovery.

Conquistadors sailed beyond Europe to the Americas, Oceania, Africa, and Asia, colonizing and exploiting territory and opening trade routes. They brought colonialism to much of the world for Spain and Portugal in the 16th, 17th, and 18th centuries

EXAMPLE :-

Hernan Cortes--Mexico

Albanso De Albuquerqe --Goa