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When a covalent bond breaks, under the influence of incoming electrophile or nucleophile,  it happens in two ways

1.Heterolytic fission 

2.Homolytic fission 

Homolytic fission : when a covalent bond breaks,  the two electrons of bond are equally divided between two atom forming bond. The new species formed both carries single unpaired electron and are called free radicals. 

Heterolytic fission : when a covalent bond breaks, two electrons of bond are unequally divided among atom of compound. One atom get both electrons and become negatively charged, called nucleophile. Other atom which do not get any electron get positively charged and called electrophile. 

Questions:

1. Define Accounting.

Ans: Accounting is defined as the systematic process of identifying, recording, classifying, summarising, interpreting and communicating information about financial transactions to the users of the accounting information, such as the owners, government, investors, creditors, etc.

It provides the following information:

• Resources available in the firm.
• The means employed to finance those resources.
• Results achieved by using those resources.

2. State the end product of financial accounting.

Ans: The end product of Financial Accounting is shown below:

Income statement: The Trading and Profit and Loss Account is part of the income statement; it determines the financial position of the business based on gross/net loss or profit.

Balance Sheet: A balance sheet is helpful in presenting the exact financial position of the business. It provides information about the assets and liabilities of a business to users of the business information.

3. Enumerate the main objectives of accounting.

Ans: The main objectives of accounting are discussed below.

1. To keep a systematic record of all financial transactions.
2. To determine the profit and loss of a business as reflected in a P & L account.
3. Making information available to users of the information (employees, shareholders, stakeholders).

To determine the financial position of the business by preparing a balance sheet.

4. Who are the users of accounting information?

Ans: There are two types of users for accounting information. They are

Internal Users: include management, employee and owners.

External Users: consist of investors, creditors, the government, the public and customers.  

5. State the nature of accounting information required by long-term lenders.

Ans: The long-term lenders seek the following accounting information:

1. Liquidity of a business
2. Profitability
3. Operating efficiency
4. Growth potential of the business
5. Ability to repay the creditors

Questions:

1. What was the focus of the economic policies pursued by the colonial government in India? What were the impacts of these policies?

Ans: The economic policies developed by the British government in India were aimed at merely making India a supplier to Britain’s growing industries. The policies were targeted towards the development of Britain and boosting its economic status. India and its growth were completely ignored. Due to such policies, India became a supplier of raw materials and a market for finished goods from Britain. The impact of such a policy in India is as follows:

1. The Indian economy witnessed very low economic growth. Studies reveal that the economy was growing at a speed of two per cent during the period 1900-1950. The British government was more interested in maintaining and developing the economy of Britain. British rule ruined the agriculture sector and handicrafts and transformed India into a supplier of raw materials.

2. The Indian agriculture system was not developed before independence, it followed old techniques, and it was majorly affected by colonial rule when the farmers were instructed to grow commercial crops instead of food grains. These commercial crops, like cotton and indigo, were used in industries in Britain for manufacturing textiles. The peasants did not get any monetary benefit from growing these crops, and hence no economic development happened.

3. The British programmed systematic deindustrialization leading to the downfall of the handicraft industry, and with the lack of investment, other industries also failed to develop. Imposing heavy export tariffs on Indian-made goods led to a decrease in demand in the international market, ultimately leading to the collapse of the handicraft industry.

4. The money that Indian goods earned from foreign trade were not invested in the Indian economy; it was used for managing the British army and expanding their colonial reach across Asia.

Extinction of languages and dialects can be prevented through the following reasons.

• Transferring the vocabulary and dialects of the language to the next generation.

• Teaching the languages in colleges and universities and encouraging students to specialise in the same.

• Teaching children to use mother-tongue.

• Remaining connected to one’s cultural roots.

• Respecting one’s language which will help in taking it forward to the coming generations.

Heavy Water is used as a primary coolant to transport heat generated by the fission reaction to secondary coolant, light water. The light water takes the heat energy from Heavy Water and generates steam at an appropriate pressure for running steam turbines. Steam turbines drive generators to generate Electricity.

−1H2O2⟶−2H2O+0O2