Learn Matter in our surroundings with Free Lessons & Tips

• Water droplets collect on the outer surface of a glass container containing ice due to condensation. When warm, humid air comes into contact with the cold surface of the glass containing ice, the air cools down, causing water vapor in the air to condense into liquid water droplets on the glass surface.

• Solids have a fixed shape because their particles are held closely together by strong intermolecular forces, restricting their movement to vibrational motion around fixed positions. Liquids and gases, on the other hand, do not have fixed shapes because their particles are free to move past each other and take the shape of their container due to weaker intermolecular forces.

• Water is liquid at room temperature due to the unique arrangement of its molecules, which allows for hydrogen bonding between water molecules. These hydrogen bonds give water its relatively high boiling point and keep it in a liquid state at room temperature.

• Factors that affect evaporation include temperature, surface area, humidity, and air movement. Higher temperatures increase the rate of evaporation, as does increasing the surface area of the liquid exposed to the air. Lower humidity levels also promote evaporation, while air movement can carry away evaporated molecules, allowing more liquid molecules to escape into the air.

• The high compressibility property of gas is useful in various applications such as in pneumatic systems, gas cylinders, and scuba diving tanks. It allows gases to be compressed to much smaller volumes under pressure, enabling storage and transportation of large quantities of gases in relatively small containers.

• An example of the essential role of diffusion of gases in water is the process of oxygen diffusion in aquatic environments. Oxygen dissolved in water is essential for the survival of aquatic organisms such as fish and other aquatic animals. Oxygen from the air at the water's surface diffuses into the water, where it dissolves and becomes available for uptake by aquatic organisms through their gills or other respiratory structures. This diffusion of oxygen is crucial for maintaining the oxygen balance and supporting life in aquatic ecosystems.

Hey!

I hope you have read the first part that is the introduction of this chapter. This is the continuation of it, so if you have not read the previous one go check it out in my lessons.

STATES OF MATTER:

BASIS OF CLASSIFICATION OF STATES OF MATTER

(1) The space between the particles of  the matter

(2) The force of attraction between the particles of the matter

(3) The kinetic energy of the particles of matter

There are three states of matter: Solid (Ice), Liquid (Water) and Gas (Steam)

Solids-

1. Solids are closely packed.

2. The particles of solids have the least intermolecular space between them.

3. The particles of solids have the most intermolecular force of attraction between them.

4. Solids are rigid and not compressible. They have fixed shape, fixed volume.

5. The particles of solids are not diffusable.

Liquids-

1. Liquids are loosely packed.

2. The particles of liquids have more intermolecular space as compared to the solids and less intermolecular space as compare to the gases.

3. The particles of liquids have the less intermolecular force of attraction as compared to solids between them.

4. Liquids are fluids. They have fixed volume but not shape, they take the shape of the container.

5. The particles of liquids are less diffusable as compared to the gases.

Gases-

1. Gases are the least packed.

2. The particles pf gases have the most intermolecular space between them.

3. The particles of gases have the least intermolecular force of attraction between them.

 4. Gases are fluids and are highly compressible. They neither have fixed shape nor volume.

5. The particles of gases are highly diffusable.

I will continue the chapter with the interconversion of states of matter in Part 3, so stay tuned.

It is an elementary and exciting chapter in class 9. You can note this lesson as your revision notes as well.

You see several things in this universe, what do you think this universe is made up of? It is made up of matter.

ALL ABOUT MATTER AND ITS NATURE

• The matter is anything and everything that occupies space and has mass. It also offers resistance, that is why we need to apply some kind of force while doing any particular task.
• Matter can be felt by our five senses, ignoring/eliminating all the emotions because that neither occupies any space nor has any mass. 
• Some examples are mountains, table, milk, the smell of perfume etc.

NOTE: vacuum is not considered to be a matter because there are no particles; hence nothing is occupying space and mass.

Coming on to the characteristics/properties of matter or nature/behaviour of matter: 

1) The matter is particulate, i.e., and it is made up of small particles called atoms.

2) The particles of matter are so small that our eyes cannot observe them.

3) The particles of matter are continuously moving.

4) The particles of matter have space between them known as intermolecular space

5) The particles of matter are attracted to each other by the force of attraction, also known as the intermolecular force of attraction.

EXPERIMENTS

All the characteristics and properties can be observed through some easy and straightforward experiments:

Experiment 1: You must have observed that whenever salt is dissolved in water, the level of water does not rise. Have you ever wondered why? Because the particles of water have space between them, which when salt is added, is taken by the particles of salt resulting in no rise in the level of water.

By this experiment, you can conclude that particles of matter have space between them and also the particles of matter are constantly/continuously moving.

Experiment 2: Now comes the concept of DIFFUSION. It is the process of intermixing of particles into each other. Giving some examples through small experiments and observations, Take crystals of potassium permanganate (purple). When you try to mix or dissolve it in water the force if the attraction of the particles of crystals weakens which leads to the particle diffusion and then the particles of crystals dissolves in the water after which the water solution looks purple.

Another example can be an incense stick(Agarbatti). The smell of lit incense stick diffuses into the whole room, why? Because the particles of incense stick intermix with the particles present in the air. Also, diffusion becomes faster and accessible when the temperature increases; that is why unlit incense sticks cannot be smell even when it is near you.

Now can you answer, How does the smell of food being cooked in the kitchen reach us even from a considerable distance?

I hope this lesson was useful, to continue to learn about this chapter do read part 2