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Complete the following statements:
(i) Probability of an event E + Probability of the event ‘not E’ = .....................
(ii) The probability of an event that cannot happen is .................. Such an event is called .................
(iii) The probability of an event that is certain to happen is ................ Such an event is called .................
(iv) The sum of the probabilities of all the elementary events of an experiment is .....................
(v) The probability of an event is greater than or equal to ...................... and less than or equal to .................
( i) 1
( ii) 0 , Impossible Event.
( iii) 1, Certain event
( iv) 0 , 1
A bag contains 3 red balls and 5 black balls. A ball is drawn at random from the bag. What is the probability that the ball drawn is (i) red ? (ii) not red?
(i) Total number of balls in the bag = 8
(ii) Probability of not getting red ball
= 1 − Probability of getting a red ball
A lot consists of 144 ball pens of which 20 are defective and the others are good. Nuri will buy a pen if it is good, but will not buy if it is defective. The shopkeeper draws one pen at random and gives it to her. What is the probability that (i) She will buy it ? (ii) She will not buy it ?
Total number of pens = 144
Total number of defective pens = 20
Total number of good pens = 144 − 20 = 124
(i) Probability of getting a good pen 
P (Nuri buys a pen)
(ii) P (Nuri will not buy a pen)
A game consists of tossing a one rupee coin 3 times and noting its outcome each time. Hanif wins if all the tosses give the same result i.e., three heads or three tails, and loses otherwise. Calculate the probability that Hanif will lose the game.
The possible outcomes are
{HHH, TTT, HHT, HTH, THH, TTH, THT, HTT}
Number of total possible outcomes = 8
Number of favourable outcomes = 2 {i.e., TTT and HHH}
P (Hanif will win the game) 
P (Hanif will lose the game) 
A die is thrown twice. What is the probability that
(i) 5 will not come up either time? (ii) 5 will come up at least once?
[Hint : Throwing a die twice and throwing two dice simultaneously are treated as the same experiment]
Total number of outcomes = 6 × 6
= 36
(i)Total number of outcomes when 5 comes up on either time are (5, 1), (5, 2), (5, 3), (5, 4), (5, 5), (5, 6), (1, 5), (2, 5), (3, 5), (4, 5), (6, 5)
Hence, total number of favourable cases = 11
P (5 will come up either time) 
P (5 will not come up either time) 
(ii)Total number of cases, when 5 can come at least once = 11
P (5 will come at least once)
Which of the following arguments are correct and which are not correct? Give reasons for your answer.
(i) If two coins are tossed simultaneously there are three possible outcomes—two heads, two tails or one of each. Therefore, for each of these outcomes, the probability is ⋅
(ii) If a die is thrown, there are two possible outcomes—an odd number or an even number. Therefore, the probability of getting an odd number is .
(i) Incorrect
When two coins are tossed, the possible outcomes are (H, H), (H, T), (T, H), and (T, T). It can be observed that there can be one of each in two possible ways − (H, T), (T, H).
Therefore, the probability of getting two heads is
, the probability of getting two tails is, and the probability of getting one of each is
.
It can be observed that for each outcome, the probability is not
.
(ii) Correct
When a dice is thrown, the possible outcomes are 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, and 6. Out of these, 1, 3, 5 are odd and 2, 4, 6 are even numbers.
Therefore, the probability of getting an odd number is.
Which of the following experiments have equally likely outcomes? Explain.
(i) A driver attempts to start a car. The car starts or does not start.
(ii) A player attempts to shoot a basketball. She/he shoots or misses the shot.
(iii) A trial is made to answer a true-false question. The answer is right or wrong.
(iv) A baby is born. It is a boy or a girl.
(i) It is not an equally likely event, as it depends on various factors such as whether the car will start or not. And factors for both the conditions are not the same.
(ii) It is not an equally likely event, as it depends on the player’s ability and there is no information given about that.
(iii) It is an equally likely event.
(iv) It is an equally likely event.
Why is tossing a coin considered to be a fair way of deciding which team should get the ball at the beginning of a football game?
Because probability of showing any side ( head or tail ) is equal, that is 1/2. So, there is equal chance of either team to win.
Which of the following cannot be the probability of an event?
(A) (B) –1.5 (C) 15% (D) 0.7
Ans: (B)
Because, probability can't be negative.
If P(E) = 0.05, what is the probability of ‘not E’?
We know that,
Therefore, the probability of ‘not E’ is 0.95.
A bag contains lemon flavoured candies only. Malini takes out one candy without looking into the bag. What is the probability that she takes out
(i) an orange flavoured candy?
(ii) a lemon flavoured candy?
( i) 0
Because the bag contains lemon flavoured candies only. It does not contain any orange flavoured candies.
( ii) 1
Because the bag has lemon flavoured candies, Malini will take out only lemon flavoured candies.
It is given that in a group of 3 students, the probability of 2 students not having the same birthday is 0.992. What is the probability that the 2 students have the same birthday?
Probability that two students are not having same birthday P (
) = 0.992
Probability that two students are having same birthday P (E) = 1 − P ()
= 1 − 0.992
= 0.008
A box contains 5 red marbles, 8 white marbles and 4 green marbles. One marble is taken out of the box at random. What is the probability that the marble taken out will be (i) red ? (ii) white ? (iii) not green?
Total number of marbles = 5 + 8 + 4
= 17
(i)Number of red marbles = 5
(ii)Number of white marbles = 8
(iii)Number of green marbles = 4
Probability of not getting a green marble 
A piggy bank contains hundred 50p coins, fifty Rs. 1 coins, twenty Rs. 2 coins and ten Rs. 5 coins. If it is equally likely that one of the coins will fall out when the bank is turned upside down, what is the probability that the coin
(i) will be a 50 p coin ? (ii) will not be a Rs. 5 coin?
Total coins in the piggy bank =100 + 50 + 20 + 10 =180 ;
( i)50p coins = 100.
So,
( ii) number of coins other than Rs 5 is 100+50+20 = 170
So, probability of getting a coin other than Rs 5 = 170/180 =17/18
Gopi buys a fish from a shop for his aquarium. The shopkeeper takes out one fish at random from a tank containing 5 male fish and 8 female fish (see the figure). What is the probability that the fish taken out is a male fish?
Number of male fish = 5
Total number of fish = 5+8=13
So, probability of getting a male fish = 5/13
A game of chance consists of spinning an arrow which comes to rest pointing at one of the numbers 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8 (see the figure ), and these are equally likely outcomes.
What is the probability that it will point at
(i) 8 ?
(ii) an odd number?
(iii) a number greater than 2?
(iv) a number less than 9?
Total outcomes = 8 ; getting 8 is 1 of the outcome
( i) probability of getting 8 = 1/8
( ii) There are 4 odd numbers : 1,3,5 and 7.
So, probability of getting an odd number =4/8=1/2
( iii) There are 6 numbers greater than 2 i.e. 3,4,5,6,7 and 8.
So, probability of getting a number more than 2 = 6/8=3/4
( iv) All the 8 numbers are less than 9.
So, probability of getting a number less than 9 = 8/8=1.
A die is thrown once. Find the probability of getting
(i) a prime number; (ii) a number lying between 2 and 6; (iii) an odd number.
The possible outcomes when a dice is thrown = {1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6}
Number of possible outcomes of a dice = 6
(i) Prime numbers on a dice are 2, 3, and 5.
Total prime numbers on a dice = 3
Probability of getting a prime number = 
(ii) Numbers lying between 2 and 6 = 3, 4, 5
Total numbers lying between 2 and 6 = 3
Probability of getting a number lying between 2 and 6
(iii) Odd numbers on a dice = 1, 3, and 5
Total odd numbers on a dice = 3
Probability of getting an odd number
One card is drawn from a well-shuffled deck of 52 cards. Find the probability of getting
(i) a king of red colour
(ii) a face card
(iii) a red face card
(iv) the jack of hearts
(v) a spade
(vi) the queen of diamonds
Total number of cards in a well-shuffled deck = 52
(i) Total number of kings of red colour = 2
P (getting a king of red colour) 
(ii) Total number of face cards = 12
P (getting a face card)
(iii) Total number of red face cards = 6
P (getting a red face card)
(iv) Total number of Jack of hearts = 1
P (getting a Jack of hearts)
(v) Total number of spade cards = 13
P (getting a spade card)
(vi) Total number of queen of diamonds = 1
P (getting a queen of diamond)
Five cards—the ten, jack, queen, king and ace of diamonds, are well-shuffled with their face downwards. One card is then picked up at random.
(i) What is the probability that the card is the queen?
(ii) If the queen is drawn and put aside, what is the probability that the second card picked up is (a) an ace? (b) a queen?
(i) Total number of cards = 5
Total number of queens = 1
P (getting a queen) 
(ii) When the queen is drawn and put aside, the total number of remaining cards will be 4.
(a) Total number of aces = 1
P (getting an ace) 
(b) As queen is already drawn, therefore, the number of queens
will be 0.
P (getting a queen) 
= 0
12 defective pens are accidentally mixed with 132 good ones. It is not possible to just look at a pen and tell whether or not it is defective. One pen is taken out at random from this lot. Determine the probability that the pen taken out is a good one.
Total number of pens = 12 + 132 = 144
Total number of good pens = 132
P (getting a good pen) 
(i) A lot of 20 bulbs contain 4 defective ones. One bulb is drawn at random from the lot. What is the probability that this bulb is defective?
(ii) Suppose the bulb drawn in (i) is not defective and is not replaced. Now one bulb is drawn at random from the rest. What is the probability that this bulb is not defective ?
(i) Total number of bulbs = 20
Total number of defective bulbs = 4
P (getting a defective bulb) 
(ii) Remaining total number of bulbs = 19
Remaining total number of non-defective bulbs = 16 − 1 = 15
P (getting a not defective bulb) 
A box contains 90 discs which are numbered from 1 to 90. If one disc is drawn at random from the box, find the probability that it bears (i) a two-digit number (ii) a perfect square number (iii) a number divisible by 5.
Total number of discs = 90
(i) Total number of two-digit numbers between 1 and 90 = 81
P (getting a two-digit number)
(ii) Perfect squares between 1 and 90 are 1, 4, 9, 16, 25, 36, 49, 64, and 81. Therefore, total number of perfect squares between 1 and 90 is 9.
P (getting a perfect square) 
(iii) Numbers that are between 1 and 90 and divisible by 5 are 5, 10, 15, 20, 25, 30, 35, 40, 45, 50, 55, 60, 65, 70, 75, 80, 85, and 90. Therefore, total numbers divisible by 5 = 18
Probability of getting a number divisible by 5
A child has a die whose six faces show the letters as given below:
The die is thrown once. What is the probability of getting (i) A? (ii) D?
Total number of possible outcomes on the dice = 6
(i) Total number of faces having A on it = 2
P (getting A) 
(ii) Total number of faces having D on it = 1
P (getting D) 
Suppose you drop a die at random on the rectangular region shown in the figure. What is the probability that it will land inside the circle with diameter 1m?
Area of rectangle = l × b = 3 × 2 = 6 m2
Area of circle (of diameter 1 m) 
P (die will land inside the circle)
Two dice, one blue and one grey, are thrown at the same time. Now,
(i) Complete the following table:
(ii) A student argues that ‘there are 11 possible outcomes 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11 and 12. Therefore, each of them has a probability . Do you agree with this argument? Justify your answer.
(i) It can be observed that,
To get the sum as 2, possible outcomes = (1, 1)
To get the sum as 3, possible outcomes = (2, 1) and (1, 2)
To get the sum as 4, possible outcomes = (3, 1), (1, 3), (2, 2)
To get the sum as 5, possible outcomes = (4, 1), (1, 4), (2, 3), (3, 2)
To get the sum as 6, possible outcomes = (5, 1), (1, 5), (2, 4), (4, 2),
(3, 3)
To get the sum as 7, possible outcomes = (6, 1), (1, 6), (2, 5), (5, 2),
(3, 4), (4, 3)
To get the sum as 8, possible outcomes = (6, 2), (2, 6), (3, 5), (5, 3),
(4, 4)
To get the sum as 9, possible outcomes = (3, 6), (6, 3), (4, 5), (5, 4)
To get the sum as 10, possible outcomes = (4, 6), (6, 4), (5, 5)
To get the sum as 11, possible outcomes = (5, 6), (6, 5)
To get the sum as 12, possible outcomes = (6, 6)
| Event: Sum of two dice | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | 10 | 11 | 12 |
| Probability | | | | | | | | | | |
(ii)Probability of each of these sums will not be
as these sums are not equally likely.
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