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ES6+ Features:
-
let and const Declarations:
- ES6 introduces two new ways to declare variables:
let
andconst
.let
allows for the declaration of variables with block scope, whileconst
is used to declare constants with block scope.
- ES6 introduces two new ways to declare variables:
-
Arrow Functions:
- Arrow functions provide a concise syntax for writing anonymous functions. They also inherit the
this
value from the enclosing scope, avoiding the need for thebind
method in certain situations.
// Traditional function function add(x, y) { return x + y; } // Arrow function const add=(x, y) => x + y;
- Arrow functions provide a concise syntax for writing anonymous functions. They also inherit the
-
Template Literals:
- Template literals offer a more flexible way to concatenate strings and include variables within strings. They are delimited by backticks (`) and support multiline strings.
const name = 'John'; const greeting = `Hello, ${name}!`;
-
Destructuring Assignment:
- Destructuring allows you to extract values from arrays or objects and assign them to variables in a concise manner.
// Array destructuring const [a, b] = [1, 2]; // Object destructuring const { firstName, lastName } = { firstName: 'John', lastName: 'Doe' };
-
Default Parameters:
- ES6 introduces the ability to set default values for function parameters, reducing the need for explicit checks for undefined values.
function greet(name = 'Guest') { console.log(`Hello, ${name}!`); }
-
Rest and Spread Operators:
- The rest operator (
...
) allows you to represent an indefinite number of arguments as an array, while the spread operator can be used to spread the elements of an array or object into another array or object.
// Rest operator function sum(...numbers) { return numbers.reduce((acc, num) => acc + num, 0); } // Spread operator const arr1 = [1, 2, 3]; const arr2 = [...arr1, 4, 5];
- The rest operator (
-
Classes:
- ES6 introduces a more convenient syntax for defining classes, making object-oriented programming in JavaScript more intuitive.
class Person { constructor(name, age) { this.name = name; this.age = age; } sayHello() { console.log(`Hello, my name is ${this.name}.`); } } const person = new Person('John', 25);
-
Promises:
- Promises provide a cleaner way to handle asynchronous operations, making it easier to reason about and manage the flow of asynchronous code.
const fetchData=() => { return new Promise((resolve, reject) => { // Asynchronous operation // If successful, call resolve(data) // If an error occurs, call reject(error) }); };
-
Modules:
- ES6 introduces a modular system for organizing and structuring code, allowing developers to import and export functionality between different files or modules.
// Exporting a module export const myFunction=() => { // Function implementation }; // Importing a module import { myFunction } from './myModule';
These features, among others introduced in ES6, significantly enhance the capabilities of JavaScript, making it more efficient, readable, and maintainable for developers. ES6 laid the foundation for subsequent ECMAScript versions, contributing to the evolution of the language.